For over seven hundred years, southern Spain was mostly ruled by a series of Islamic dynasties which were controlled by Moors, Berbers and Arabs from North Africa.
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For two millennium, the great empires of the Mediterranean contested for control and influence in the Andalusian section of Spain.
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Throughout the 1700s, Russia competed with the other great empires of Europe to develop geopolitical power and become a world leader. Living in the dreary capital of Moscow, Russian czars envied the great palaces of the French royalty in Versailles, the Ottomans in Istanbul and the Hapsburgs in Vienna.
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Ukraine has been at the center of regional rivalries for 600 years. At various times, parts of the country have been annexed, partitioned or claimed by the Lithuanian empire, the Polish state, Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union.
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Few Americans travel to Slovenia or know where it is. But well informed travelers have started exploring Slovenia in recent years as a result of the restoration of the historic old city within the capital city of Ljubljana, several natural wonders and the clean countryside, and the friendliness of its people.
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The small nation of Montenegro has burst onto the tourist scene in recent years by offering reasonably priced beach vacations and nightlife in places like Budva and Bar to European, Russian and Serbian visitors, along with providing some exclusive sanctuaries for the rich and famous.
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For the past few years, Game of Thrones fans have traveled to Croatia to see various fortresses and other sites which were used as backdrops for the popular television series.
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During the Roman Empire, Rome had scattered settlements in Germania north of the Alps and at several places along the Danube and Rhine Rivers.
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Munich has a long history as the center of Bavarian power and trade during the Middle Ages and is one of Germany’s most prominent cities today.
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